DAGs for the Masses

TL;DR

This paper introduces a sparse DAG architecture for consensus protocols, significantly improving scalability and efficiency by reducing node references while maintaining fault tolerance.

Contribution

It proposes a sparse DAG design applied to Bullshark, enabling large-scale deployment without sacrificing resilience, and demonstrates its effectiveness through simulations.

Findings

Reduced metadata transmission improves network efficiency.

The sparse protocol tolerates up to n/3 Byzantine faults.

Enhanced scalability over traditional DAG protocols.

Abstract

A recent approach to building consensus protocols on top of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) shows much promise due to its simplicity and stable throughput. However, as each node in the DAG typically includes a linear number of references to the nodes in the previous round, prior DAG protocols only scale up to a certain point when the overhead of maintaining the graph becomes the bottleneck. To enable large-scale deployments of DAG-based protocols, we propose a sparse DAG architecture, where each node includes only a constant number of references to random nodes in the previous round. We present a sparse version of Bullshark -- one of the most prominent DAG-based consensus protocols -- and demonstrate its improved scalability. Remarkably, unlike other protocols that use random sampling to reduce communication complexity, we manage to avoid sacrificing resilience: the protocol can tolerate up to $f<n/3$ Byzantine faults (where $n$ is the number of participants), same as its less scalable deterministic counterpart. The proposed ``sparse'' methodology can be applied to any protocol that maintains disseminated system updates and causal relations between them in a graph-like structure. Our simulations show that the considerable reduction of transmitted metadata in sparse DAGs results in more efficient network utilization and better scalability.