Sodium induced beneficial effects in wide bandgap Cu(In,Ga)S2 solar cell with 15.7% efficiency

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that optimal sodium incorporation in wide bandgap Cu(In,Ga)S2 solar cells significantly improves their structural and electronic properties, leading to a record efficiency of 15.7%.

Contribution

It reveals the critical role of sodium supply in enhancing the performance of wide bandgap CIGS solar cells, achieving high efficiency with improved defect suppression and carrier dynamics.

Findings

Optimal Na supply reduces defect density and improves grain size.

Na incorporation increases quasi-Fermi level splitting and carrier lifetime.

Achieved 15.7% efficiency with high VOC in wide bandgap CIGS solar cells.

Abstract

This study underscores the pivotal role of sodium (Na) supply in optimizing the optoelectronic properties of wide bandgap (~1.6 eV) Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) thin film absorbers for high efficiency solar cells. Our findings demonstrate that the synergistic use of Na from the glass substrate, in conjunction with in-situ sodium fluoride (NaF) co-evaporation, significantly enhances the structural and optoelectronic properties of the CIGS. CIGS grown under either Na-deficient or excess conditions exhibits inferior microstructural and optoelectronic properties, whereas an optimal Na supply leads to enhanced photovoltaic performance. Optimal Na incorporation minimizes vertical gallium fluctuations and improves the grain size and crystallinity. An absolute 1 sun calibrated photoluminescence (PL) measurement reveals a substantial suppression of bulk defects and a reduction in non-radiative losses, resulting in a high quasi-fermi level splitting ({\Delta}EF) of 1.07 eV, 93 meV higher than in Na-deficient CIGS with the same bandgap. Optimal Na supply further increases excited carrier decay time, as revealed from time-resolved PL, and hole doping density. Cross-sectional hyperspectral cathodoluminescence mapping reveals that optimal Na supply significantly reduces defect density near the surface, thereby effectively translating {\Delta}EF to open-circuit voltage (VOC). As a result, a champion wide bandgap CIGS solar cell with a cadmium-free ZnSnO buffer layer achieved an impressive VOC of 971 meV and an active area power conversion efficiency of 15.7%, highlighting its potential for advancing tandem photovoltaic technologies with stable inorganic top cell.