Discrimination of metric theories

TL;DR

This paper explores quantum strategies to distinguish between different metric theories of gravity using quantum clocks, showing that high success probabilities are achievable with specific setups and ensembles of clocks.

Contribution

It introduces quantum-state discrimination methods to differentiate metric theories within the PPN formalism, demonstrating practical conditions for near-certain discrimination with quantum clocks.

Findings

Success probability depends on proper time differences and quantum clock energy levels.

Single detection events can refute or confirm specific metric theories.

Ensembles of quantum clocks significantly improve discrimination success rates.

Abstract

We study the possibility of discriminating between metric theories within the Parametrized Post-Newtonian formalism. In this approach, the two-dimensional quantum state of a massive quantum clock becomes, after propagating at low speed and in a weak gravitational field, a function of the post-Newtonian parameters and thus a signature of a metric theory. To discriminate among metric theories, we resort to quantum-state discrimination strategies such as minimum-error and unambiguous discrimination. In particular, we show that it is possible to refute the hypothesis that a particular metric theory describes spacetime with a single detection event and that it is possible to discriminate with certainty between two different metrics, also with a single detection event. In general, the success probability of the discrimination strategy is a harmonic function of the product of the difference of the proper time corresponding to each quantum clock state, the energy difference between the energy eigenstates of the quantum clock, the propagation length, and speed. It is thus possible to find suitable length and speed scales such that the success probability is close to one by selecting a quantum system with the highest energy difference and the longest natural lifetime. According to this, atomic nuclei such as thorium are considered the most suitable quantum clocks. We also show that the use of a ensemble of quantum clocks leads to a significant increase in the probability of success in discriminating between post-Newtonian parameters that differ by $10^{-5}$. This facilitates achieving a probability of success approaching unity with distances on the scale of several kilometers and velocities approximating one-thousandth of the speed of light for a ensemble of only 10 quantum clocks.