Dipole-quadrupole coupling in triplet exciton-polaron quenching in a phosphorescent OLED emission layer

TL;DR

This study reveals that dipole-quadrupole coupling, rather than F"orster dipole-dipole interactions, dominates triplet exciton-polaron quenching in phosphorescent OLEDs, aiding the design of more efficient devices.

Contribution

It demonstrates that dipole-quadrupole coupling is the primary mechanism for TPQ at relevant distances, resolving previous discrepancies and providing a new framework for OLED optimization.

Findings

Dipole-quadrupole coupling dominates TPQ at relevant distances.

F"orster approximation fails for TPQ at these distances.

A new dipole-quadrupole radius quantifies the TPQ rate.

Abstract

Improving the efficiency and stability of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) will further expand their present success in display applications. Triplet exciton-polaron quenching (TPQ) is an important cause of limited efficiency and stability in modern phosphorescent OLEDs, where triplet excitons are the emitting species. Lack of understanding of the TPQ mechanism in these OLEDs impedes the development of more efficient and stable OLEDs. We investigate the TPQ mechanism for triplet excitons on a phosphorescent guest interacting with hole polarons on a host. Our quantum-chemical calculations show that at distances relevant for TPQ the F\"orster approximation for the TPQ rate fails and that dipole-quadrupole coupling is dominant. This resolves a discrepancy between estimates of the TPQ rate obtained from an OLED device study and from the overlap between the emission spectrum of the emitter and absorption spectrum of the charged host. Equivalently to the F\"orster radius for dipole-dipole TPQ, the dipole-quadrupole TPQ rate can be quantified by a dipole-quadrupole radius obtained from the overlap between the emission spectrum of the emitter and the quadrupolar absorption spectrum of the charged host. The findings of this work are expected to have a broad relevance and to be useful in developing phosphorescent emitter-host combinations with reduced TPQ.