Simulating nationwide coupled disease and fear spread in an agent-based model

TL;DR

This paper introduces a comprehensive agent-based model that simulates the coupled spread of disease and fear, revealing complex feedback effects and multiple epidemic waves influenced by behavioral responses and media broadcast.

Contribution

The study develops a novel dynamic agent-based model coupling disease and fear spread, incorporating realistic individual interactions and media influence, to analyze their combined impact on epidemic dynamics.

Findings

Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic states affect outbreak progression.

Non-local fear spread via media leads to multiple epidemic waves.

Behavioral responses significantly alter disease trajectory.

Abstract

Human cognitive responses, behavioral responses, and disease dynamics co-evolve over the course of any disease outbreak, and can result in complex feedbacks. We present a dynamic agent-based model that explicitly couples the spread of disease with the spread of fear surrounding the disease, implemented within the EpiCast simulation framework. EpiCast models transmission across a realistic synthetic population, capturing individual-level interactions. In our model, fear propagates through both in-person contact and broadcast media, prompting individuals to adopt protective behaviors that reduce disease spread. In order to better understand these coupled dynamics, we create and compare a range of compartmental surrogate models to analyze the impact of including various disease states. Additionally, we compare a range of behavioral scenarios within EpiCast, varying the level and intensity of fear and behavioral change. Our results show that the addition of asymptomatic, exposed, and pre-symptomatic disease states can impact both the rate at which an outbreak progresses and its overall trajectory. Moreover, the combination of non-local fear spread via broadcasters and strong behavioral responses by fearful individuals generally leads to multiple epidemic waves, an outcome that occurs only within a narrow parameter range when fear spreads purely through local contact. Accounting for the coupled spread of fear and disease is critical for understanding disease dynamics and designing timely, targeted responses to emerging infectious threats.