Faint absorption of the ground state hyperfine-splitting transitions of hydroxyl at 18 cm in the Galactic Disk

TL;DR

This study investigates the faint absorption features of hydroxyl (OH) at 18 cm in the Galactic Disk, assessing its potential as a tracer for CO-dark molecular gas through new high-resolution observations and multi-line comparisons.

Contribution

It provides new high-sensitivity observations of OH absorption, compares it with other interstellar lines, and evaluates its effectiveness as a tracer for CO-dark molecular gas.

Findings

Only one CO-dark molecular gas feature detected, consistent with previous studies.

OH absorption traces molecular gas across various interstellar environments.

Deeper observations are needed for more effective use of OH as a CO-dark gas tracer.

Abstract

The interstellar hydride hydroxyl (OH) is a potential tracer of CO-dark molecular gas. We present new absorption line observations of OH at 18-cm wavelength towards four continuum sources. We compare these to the [CII] line at 1.9 THz obtained with SOFIA, observations of the neutral atomic hydrogen 21 cm line with the VLA, and CO lines obtained with APEX. We trace OH over a large range of molecular hydrogen column densities, and derive OH abundances with respect to molecular and total hydrogen column densities. Increased sensitivity and spectral resolution allowed us to detect weak and narrow features. We identify only one OH absorption component out of 23 without CO counterpart, yet several with intermediate molecular gas fractions. A potential association of [CII] 158 mu m emission with an OH absorption component is seen toward one sightline. Our results confirm that OH absorption traces molecular gas across diffuse and dense environments of the interstellar medium. At the sensitivity limits of the present observations our detection of only one CO-dark molecular gas feature appears in agreement with previous studies. We conclude that if OH absorption was to be used as a CO-dark molecular gas tracer, deeper observations or stronger background targets are necessary to unveil its full potential as a CO-dark molecular gas tracer, and yet it will never be an exclusive tracer of CO-dark molecular gas. For OH hyperfine-splitting transitions in the vicinity of photodissociation regions in W43-South, we detect a spectral and spatial offset between the peak of the inversion of the OH 1612 MHz line and the absorption of the OH 1720 MHz line on the one hand, and the absorption of the OH main lines on the other hand, which provides additional constraints on the interpretation of the OH 18 cm line signatures typical of HII regions.