Mechanism behind creating qubit gates expressed as interfering quantum pathway amplitudes

TL;DR

This paper uses Hamiltonian encoding to analyze the interference mechanisms behind the creation of qubit gates via optimal control pulses, revealing how different controls produce distinct mechanisms.

Contribution

It introduces a generic mechanism analysis tool based on pathway interference for understanding how optimal control pulses generate quantum gates.

Findings

Different optimal controls produce distinct interference mechanisms.

The analysis tools are applicable to any gate with a suitable control field.

The study demonstrates the significance of pathway interference in gate implementation.

Abstract

Hamiltonian encoding was introduced as a technique for revealing the mechanism of controlled quantum systems. It does so by decomposing the evolution into pathways between the computational basis states, where each pathway has an associated complex amplitude. The magnitude of a pathway amplitude determines its significance and many pathways constructively and/or destructively interfere to produce the final evolution of the system. In this paper, we apply Hamiltonian encoding to reveal the mechanism behind creating qubit gates implemented via optimal control pulses. An X gate, two CNOT gates, and a SWAP gate are examined to determine the degree of interference involved and to demonstrate that different optimal controls produce distinct mechanisms. Although the detailed mechanism for creating any gate depends on the nature of the control field, the mechanism analysis tools are generic. The presented gates and their mechanisms in this paper are thus illustrative and a researcher may apply these same tools to any gate with a suitable optimal control field.