Graphene Electro-Absorption Modulators for Energy-Efficient and High-Speed Optical Transceivers

TL;DR

This paper presents graphene-based electro-absorption modulators with high bandwidth and data rates, low power consumption, and efficient fabrication, advancing energy-efficient high-speed optical transceivers for AI and data centers.

Contribution

It introduces optimized double single-layer graphene modulators on silicon with record data rates, low power, and scalable fabrication for Tbit/s optical transceivers.

Findings

67 GHz bandwidth and 80 Gbit/s data rate achieved

Dynamic power consumption of 58 fJ/bit

Modulation efficiency of 0.037 dB/Vμm

Abstract

The increasing demand for energy-efficient hardware for artificial intelligence (AI) and data centres requires integrated photonic solutions delivering optical transceivers with Tbit/s data rates and energy consumption$<$1pJ/bit. Here, we report double single-layer graphene electro-absorption modulators on Si optimized for energy-efficient and ultra-fast operation, demonstrating 67GHz bandwidth and 80Gbit/s data rate, in both O and C bands, using a fabrication tailored for wafer-scale integration. We measure a data rate$\sim$1.6 times larger than previously reported for graphene. We scale the modulator's active area down to 22$\mu$m$^2$, achieving a dynamic power consumption$\sim$58fJ/bit, $\sim$3 times lower than previous graphene modulators and Mach-Zehnder modulators based on Si or lithium niobate. We show devices with$\sim$0.037dB/V$\mu$m modulation efficiency,$\sim$16 times better than previous demonstrations based on graphene. This paves the way to wafer-scale production of graphene modulators on Si useful for Tbit/s optical transceivers and energy-efficient AI