On one of Erd\H{o}s' Problems -- An Efficient Search for Benelux Pairs

TL;DR

This paper presents an efficient GPU-based algorithm to search for Benelux pairs, confirming known solutions and extending the search up to 1.4 trillion without finding new solutions, thus providing computational evidence for the rarity of such pairs.

Contribution

The paper introduces a highly parallelized sieving and hashing algorithm for finding Benelux pairs, significantly expanding the search space and confirming the absence of new solutions up to 1.4 trillion.

Findings

Confirmed known solutions within a minute of computation.

Extended the search space by over 2^16 times.

Found no new solutions up to 1.4×10^12.

Abstract

Erd\H{o}s asked for positive integers $m<n$, such that $m$ and $n$ have the same set of prime factors, $m+1$ and $n+1$ have the same set of prime factors, and $m+2$ and $n+2$ have the same set of prime factors. No such integers are known. If one relaxes the problem and only considers the first two conditions, an infinite series of solutions is known: $m=2^k-2$, $n=(m+1)^2-1=2^k \cdot m$ for all integers $k\geq 2$. One additional solution is also known: $m=75=3\cdot 5^2$ and $n=1215=3^5 \cdot 5$ with $m+1=76=2^2\cdot 19$ and $n+1=1216=2^6 \cdot 19$. No other solutions with $n<2^{32}\approx 4.3\cdot 10^9$ were known. In this paper, we discuss an efficient algorithm to search for such integers, also known as Benelux pairs, using sieving and hashing techniques. Using highly parallel functioning algorithms on a modern consumer GPU, we could confirm the hitherto known results within a minute of computing time. Additionally, we have expanded the search space by a factor of more than $2^{16}$ and found no further solutions different from the infinite series given above up to $1.4\cdot 10^{12}>2^{40}$. For the analogous problem of integers $m<n$ with $m$ and $n+1$ having the same set of prime factors and $m+1$ and $n$having the same set of prime factors, the situation is very similar: An infinite series and one exceptional solution with $n\leq 2^{22}+2^{12}\approx 4.2\cdot 10^6$ were known. We prove that there are no other exceptional solutions with $n<1.4\cdot 10^{12}$.