Learning about neutron star composition from the slope of the mass-radius diagram

TL;DR

This study investigates how the slope of the neutron star mass-radius relation reveals information about their internal composition, especially regarding non-nucleonic matter, using various equations of state constrained by recent astrophysical observations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the sign of the mass-radius slope at specific neutron star masses can indicate the presence of non-nucleonic degrees of freedom, based on analysis of relativistic mean-field models.

Findings

Negative slope at 1.4 M_sun is common in nucleonic EoS.

Positive slope at 1.4 M_sun suggests non-nucleonic matter.

Most stars at 1.8 M_sun have negative slope.

Abstract

The slope of the neutron star mass-radius curve, $dM/dR$, is studied to understand the information it may carry about the composition of neutron stars, particularly with regard to the presence of non-nucleonic degrees of freedom. This study uses two large sets of relativistic mean-field equations of state with either nucleonic or nucleonic and hyperonic degrees of freedom, and imposes constraints obtained from GW170817 and the pulsars PSR J0030+0451 and PSR J0740+6620. It is shown that: i) some mass-radius curves are characterized by a negative slope from one solar mass up to the maximum mass; ii) other equations of state (EoS) have a positive slope for a given range of masses below the maximum star mass. Within the set of models considered, the first set includes only a very small number of hyperonic EoS: less than 0.5\% of the total number of hyperonic stars and approximately one third of the nucleonic EoS. We have also analyzed the sign of the slope for neutron star masses of 1.2, 1.4 and 1.8$M_\odot$. Only approximately 1\% of hyperonic equations of state (EoS) predict a negative slope for 1.4$M_\odot$ stars, whereas over 90\% of nucleonic stars have a negative slope at this mass. Finally, almost all stars have a negative slope at 1.8$M_\odot$. A positive slope at 1.4$M_\odot$ may indicate the presence of non-nucleonic degrees of freedom within neutron stars. The nuclear matter property that distinguishes the different scenarios most clearly is the curvature of the symmetry energy. Nucleonic EoSs with a positive slope $dM/dR$ predict the highest values, which can exceed 100 MeV.