The dynamics of spontaneous emission

TL;DR

This paper explores the fundamental dynamics of spontaneous emission in atoms, proposing a new model that incorporates measurement effects and vacuum fluctuations to better understand the randomness and process of decay.

Contribution

It introduces a novel formalism extending quantum mechanics to include measurement dynamics and vacuum fluctuations affecting spontaneous decay.

Findings

The new model describes stochastic photon emission triggered by vacuum fluctuations.

Comparison with existing theories highlights differences in decay dynamics.

Proposes experimental re-analysis to detect vacuum fluctuation effects.

Abstract

The spontaneous decay of an excited atom by photon emission is one of the most common and elementary physical process present in nature and in laboratories. The decay is random in time with constant probability density, as it can be inferred by the exponential law observed experimentally. Despite the simplicity of the process, in Quantum Mechanics the decay itself is considered a law of nature which is not further analyzed or explained. However it is legitimate to ask for the reason of its randomness and for the dynamics of the atom around the decay. The decay process of an isolated atom is usually assumed to be instantaneous, the so called Quantum jumps. Particular experimental arrangements can widen the duration of the transition from an excited state to the ground state to a finite time. In general this is due to the quantum back action of the detector. The development of Quantum Optics has enormously enriched the possibilities to study in detail the process, and new illuminating insights have been obtained, but the question is still valid and its answer is still elusive. In this paper we analyze the spontaneous decay within the new prospect introduced by a recent model that complete standard Quantum Mechanics in a formalism which is able to describe the dynamics of measurement and of spontaneous decay. Comparison is made with more phenomenological theories, the Quantum Mechanics of open system and the Stochastic wave function model. In the new model the stochastic photon emission by an excited atom is triggered by the vacuum fluctuations. It is suggested how to re-analyze three types of experiments, already realized in many laboratories, in order to reveal the presence and the effect of these fluctuations.