Galaxy Superclusters and Their Complexes in the Cosmic Web
Maret Einasto

TL;DR
This paper reviews the properties, distribution, and significance of galaxy superclusters and their complexes in the cosmic web, highlighting their patterns, environments, and open questions in cosmology.
Contribution
It provides a comprehensive overview of superclusters, discussing their discovery, defining features, large-scale distribution, and the open questions regarding their origins within the cosmological model.
Findings
Richest superclusters form a quasiregular pattern with 120-140 $h^{-1}$Mpc spacing
Superclusters lie in two large perpendicular planes in the nearby Universe
The origin of supercluster patterns remains an open question in cosmology
Abstract
The richest and largest structures in the cosmic web are galaxy superclusters, their complexes (associations of several almost connected very rich superclusters), and planes. Superclusters represent a special environment where the evolution of galaxies and galaxy groups and clusters differs from the evolution of these systems in a low-density environment. The richest galaxy clusters reside in superclusters. The richest superclusters in the nearby Universe form a quasiregular pattern with the characteristic distance between superclusters 120 - 140 Mpc. Moreover, superclusters in the nearby Universe lie in two huge perpendicular planes with the extent of several hundreds of megaparsecs, the Local Supercluster plane and the Dominant supercluster plane. The origin of these patterns in the supercluster distribution is not yet clear, and it is an open question whether the presence of…
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