Fragmentation in Collapsar Disks: Migration, Growth, and Emission

TL;DR

This study investigates the conditions under which gravitational fragmentation occurs in collapsar disks, estimates the properties of resulting fragments, and explores their potential to produce observable phenomena like gamma-ray bursts and gravitational waves.

Contribution

It provides a detailed parameter survey of disk fragmentation, estimates fragment growth during migration, and links these processes to observable astrophysical signals.

Findings

Fragments have masses between 10^{-3} and 10^{-1} solar masses.

Migration can increase fragment mass up to 1 solar mass.

Fragments may produce observable gamma-ray bursts and gravitational waves.

Abstract

We present a parameter survey of fragmentation in collapsar disks, using a revised version of the Chen & Beloborodov (2007) model that determines the structure of steady state hyperaccretion disks in a general relativistic and neutrino cooled framework. We map out the range of disk conditions leading to gravitational instability alongside an exploration of the dimensionless cooling time $\beta$, which together determine whether fragmentation is likely to occur. We estimate the initial mass and density of fragments, finding that they occupy a unique region in the space of self-gravitating compact objects, with masses $M_{\rm f} \sim 10^{-3} M_\odot -10^{-1} M_\odot$ and densities $\rho_{\rm f}\sim 10^8-10^{11}~{\rm g~cm}^{-3}$. We then calculate their migration and mass growth (via Bondi-Hoyle accretion) as they inspiral through the collapsar disk. During a fragment's migration to the central black hole, it can grow its mass up to a range $M_{\rm f}\sim 10^{-1} M_\odot - 1 M_\odot$. In most cases, the final fragment mass is larger than the minimum cold stable neutron star mass but much smaller than any observed neutron star. The fragment briefly achieves peak accretion rates comparable to (or even larger than) that of the central engine. We propose that these bound fragments may give rise to observable astrophysical phenomena, and we approximately model two of these: (i) gamma ray burst variability produced by a secondary, fragment-launched jet; (ii) the generation of non-vacuum gravitational waveforms accompanied by electromagnetic counterparts.