Simulations of the churning mode: toroidally symmetric plasma convection and turbulence around the X-points in a snowflake divertor

TL;DR

This paper uses extended reduced MHD simulations to study the churning mode in snowflake divertors, revealing how plasma transport and magnetic topology near X-points depend on geometric and plasma parameters, impacting exhaust power distribution.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed numerical simulation of the churning mode in snowflake divertors, highlighting transport mechanisms and magnetic topology changes not captured by traditional models.

Findings

Transport across X-points increases with decreasing inter-null separation and higher plasma beta.

The churning mode can alter magnetic flux surface topology, affecting power exhaust distribution.

Diffusive models can approximate transport, but miss significant flux surface changes.

Abstract

Using a reduced MHD model, extended to include field-aligned thermal conduction, we present numerical simulations of the churning mode (CM): a toroidally symmetric, non-linear plasma vortex in the vicinity of the null points in a snowflake (SF) divertor (Ryutov et al., Phys. Scr. 89 088002, 2014). Simulations are carried out across a range of inter-null separations, $d_{xx}$, and inter-null orientations, $\theta$, primarily in conditions relevant to the MAST-U tokamak. We find that, when $d_{xx}$ is small, the CM induces additional transport across the X-points when $\beta_{pm} \gtrsim 8$ %, where $\beta_{pm}$ is the ratio of the plasma pressure in the null region to poloidal magnetic pressure at the midplane. This transport also increases approximately linearly as $d_{xx}$ is reduced. A diffusive model of this transport is shown to predict the total transport across the null points, where diffusion coefficients of up to $\sim 10^2$ m$^2$s$^{-1}$ centred on a small region around the X-points are used. However, the CM also results in significant changes to the flux surfaces in the null region which is not captured by this diffusive model. The changes in magnetic geometry mean the fractional exhaust power delivered to each divertor leg is highly sensitive to $\beta_{pm}$, $d_{xx}$ and $\theta$. For small values of $\theta$, the CM can induce a change in topology, redirecting exhaust power from a secondary divertor leg on the high field side to one on the low field side. Similar behaviour is found in the fraction of exhaust power going to the inner and outer divertor. Such changes in the flux surfaces may not be captured by Grad-Shafranov solvers and so may be a source of error in the magnetic reconstruction of SF experiments. We consistently find that the fractional exhaust power going to a secondary divertor leg on the high field side is small, consistent with SF experiments.