Integrable Non-Holonomic Constraints and Gauge Fixing in Classical Field Theory

TL;DR

This paper identifies the failure of standard derivations in classical field theories with non-holonomic constraints and proposes a formalism that restores the validity of gauge fixing procedures for such theories.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of integrability for non-holonomic constraints in field theory and demonstrates how this restores the transposition rule and gauge fixing methods.

Findings

The usual derivation fails for non-holonomic constraints dependent on derivatives.

The transposition rule does not hold generally but does for integrable constraints.

The formalism applies to Coulomb and Lorenz gauges.

Abstract

We show how the usual derivation of the equations of motion for a classical field theory with non-holonomic constraints, constraints that depend on the derivatives of the field, fails. As a result, the usual method for gauge fixing in classical and quantum field theories fails for general gauges that depend on the derivatives of the fields, such as the Coulomb and Lorenz gauges. The point of failure occurs at the use of the transposition rule, $\delta(\partial_\nu A^\mu)=\partial_\nu(\delta A^\mu)$, in the derivation of the equations of motion from the extremization of the action; we show that the transposition rule does not hold for general non-holonomic constraints. We define the concept of integrability of non-holonomic constraints in field theory and prove that the usual transposition rule holds for theories with these constraints. We are thus able to recover the usual treatment of gauge fixing for gauges of this type. We apply our formalism to the specific examples of the Coulomb and Lorenz gauges.