Cryogenic Microwave Whispering Gallery Mode Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Impurities in High-Purity Crystalline LiF

TL;DR

This study used cryogenic microwave whispering gallery mode spectroscopy to detect and analyze paramagnetic impurities in high-purity LiF crystals, revealing specific electron spin resonance interactions and impurity identities.

Contribution

It demonstrates a novel application of cryogenic microwave spectroscopy to identify and characterize paramagnetic impurities in LiF crystals with high precision.

Findings

Detected ESR coupling with paramagnetic impurities in LiF

Identified likely V$^{2+}$ and V$^{3+}$ impurities as sources of narrow features

Observed hyperfine splittings consistent with specific impurity spin systems

Abstract

A low-noise cryogenic microwave spectroscopy experiment was performed on a high-purity lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal. The spectroscopy data revealed avoided level crossing interactions in whispering gallery modes, indicative of electron spin resonance (ESR) coupling with paramagnetic impurities. Analysis of the interaction spectra identified distinct spin systems corresponding to $(S = 3/2, I = 7/2)$, $(S = 1, I = 7/2)$, and $(S = 3/2, I = 0)$. The number of hyperfine splittings observed, together with the natural abundance of ions possessing the appropriate nuclear spin values, suggest that V$^{2+}$ and V$^{3+}$ impurities, exhibiting orthorhombic distortion, are the most likely sources of the narrow interaction features. This interpretation is supported by earlier ESR studies and established manufacturing records for LiF crystal growth. Additionally, a separate set of broader interaction points is consistent with an orthorhombic model involving a $(S = 3/2, I = 0)$ spin system, although the specific impurity responsible for this interaction remains unidentified.