Evaluation of Indoor/Outdoor Sharing in the Unlicensed 6 GHz Band

TL;DR

This study provides the first comprehensive real-world measurements of Wi-Fi 6E outdoor and indoor sharing in the unlicensed 6 GHz band, revealing rapid adoption, interference potential, and implications for spectrum policy.

Contribution

It presents detailed measurements and analysis of Wi-Fi 6E deployment interactions outdoors and indoors, highlighting interference risks and informing spectrum sharing policies.

Findings

14% Wi-Fi 6E client connection within 2 months

Outdoor dense SP operation can impact indoor LPI deployments

Peak usage increases aggregate signal level by ~10 dB, risking interference

Abstract

Standard Power (SP) Wi-Fi 6E in the U.S. is just beginning to be deployed outdoors in the shared but unlicensed 6 GHz band under the control of an Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) system to protect incumbents, while low-power-indoor (LPI) usage has been steadily increasing over the past 2 years. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive measurements and analyses of a SP Wi-Fi 6E deployment at the University of Notre Dame's football stadium, with 902 access points and a seating capacity of 80,000, coexisting with LPI deployments in adjacent buildings. Measurement campaigns were conducted during and after games, outdoors and indoors to fully characterize the performance of SP Wi-Fi 6E, interactions between SP and LPI and potential for interference to incumbents. Our main conclusions are: (i) in a very short time of about 2 months, the percentage of Wi-Fi 6E client connections is already 14% indicating rapid adoption, (ii) dense SP operation outdoors can negatively impact LPI deployments indoors, depending on building loss, indicating the need to carefully consider hybrid indoor-outdoor sharing deployments, and (iii) spectrum analyzer results indicate an aggregate signal level increase of approximately 10 dB in a Wi-Fi channel during peak usage which could potentially lead to interference since the AFC does not consider aggregate interference when allocating permitted power levels. These results from real-world deployments can inform spectrum policy in other bands where similar sharing mechanisms are being considered, such as 7.125 - 8.4 GHz.