The Robin heat kernel and its expansion via Robin eigenfunctions

TL;DR

This paper establishes the existence and uniqueness of the Robin heat kernel on compact Riemannian manifolds with boundary, providing spectral expansion formulas and novel techniques for negative Robin parameters.

Contribution

It extends the theory of heat kernels to Robin boundary conditions for all real parameters, including the challenging negative regime, with new analytical methods.

Findings

Spectral expansion of Robin heat kernel established.

Existence and uniqueness proven for all Robin parameters.

Novel estimates for Robin eigenfunctions in the negative parameter regime.

Abstract

We prove the existence and uniqueness of the Robin heat kernel on compact Riemannian manifolds with smooth boundary for Robin parameter $\alpha\in\mathbb{R}$, expressed as a spectral expansion in terms of Robin eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. For the non-negative parameter regime ($\alpha\ge 0$), we present a direct proof based on trace Sobolev inequalities and eigenfunction estimates. The case of negative parameters ($\alpha<0$) requires novel analytical techniques to handle $L^\infty$ estimates of Robin eigenfunctions, addressing challenges not present in the non-negative case. Our result extends the the classical Dirichlet and Neumann cases to the less-studied negative parameter regime.