Quantum Contextuality Requires Counterfactual Gain

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that quantum contextuality, a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics, can only be experimentally confirmed when counterfactual gain is observed, using silicon photonic circuits to validate this relationship.

Contribution

It establishes a direct link between quantum contextuality and counterfactual gain, providing experimental evidence using integrated photonic circuits.

Findings

Contextuality observed only with counterfactual gain

Experimental validation with silicon photonics

Confirms theoretical link between contextuality and counterfactual scenarios

Abstract

Quantum contextuality, where measurement outcomes depend on the measurement context, implies a failure of classical realism in quantum systems. As recently shown, the transition between measurement contexts can be mapped onto the path that a quantum particle takes through an interferometer. Here, we investigate the relation between contextuality and the counterfactual gain observed in the output ports of such an interferometer when one of the paths is blocked. It is shown that experimental evidence of contextuality can only be obtained when counterfactual gain is observed for a specific combination of blocked path and output port. Using a silicon photonic integrated circuit, we experimentally observe the counterfactual gain for a selection of input states and evaluate the associated evidence for contextuality. The results confirm that contextuality can only be observed in the presence of counterfactual gain.