Quantum Statistical Mechanics of Electronically Open Molecules: Reduced Density Operators

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new reduced density operator framework for electronically open molecules that explicitly accounts for electron sharing with the environment, resolving fermionic partial trace ambiguities and generalizing the grand canonical ensemble.

Contribution

It proposes a novel reduced density operator incorporating particle-number non-conserving interactions and resolves fermionic partial trace ambiguity in a second quantization framework.

Findings

Defines an unambiguous fermionic partial trace operation.

Constructs a common orbital basis via spatial localization.

Generalizes the grand canonical density operator with fractional electron transfer.

Abstract

We present a reduced density operator for electronically open molecules by explicitly averaging over the environmental degrees of freedom of the composite Hamiltonian. Specifically, we include the particle-number non-conserving (particle-breaking) interactions responsible for the sharing of electrons between the molecule and the environment, which are neglected in standard formulations of quantum statistical mechanics. We propose an unambiguous definition of the partial trace operation in the composite fermionic Fock space based on composite states in a second quantization framework built from a common orthonormal set of orbitals. Thereby, we resolve the fermionic partial trace ambiguity. The common orbital basis is constructed by spatial localization of the full orbital space, in which the full composite Hamiltonian naturally partitions into a molecule Hamiltonian, an environment Hamiltonian, and an interaction Hamiltonian. The new reduced density operator is based on the approximation of commutativity between the subsystem Hamiltonians (i.e., molecule and environment Hamiltonians) and the interaction Hamiltonian, which we show corresponds to excluding certain electron transfer channels and neglecting electron transfer relaxation effects. The reduced density operator can be viewed as a generalization of the grand canonical density operator. We are prompted to define the generalized chemical potential, which aligns with the standard interpretation of the chemical potential, apart from the possibility of fractional rather than strictly integer electron transfer in our framework. In contrast to standard approaches, our framework enables an explicit consideration of the electron occupancy in the environment at any level of theory, irrespective of the model used to describe the molecule.