Zassenhaus Expansion in Solving the Schr\"odinger Equation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a second-order Zassenhaus expansion-based method for Hamiltonian simulation in quantum computing, achieving controlled approximation with reduced gate counts suitable for NISQ devices.

Contribution

It refines fixed-depth simulation by integrating Zassenhaus expansion, enabling efficient, depth-independent quantum simulation with algebraic commutator evaluation.

Findings

Error scales as d7(t^3) with controlled approximation

Reduces gate counts compared to first-order Trotterization

Enables simulation of structured Hamiltonians on NISQ hardware

Abstract

Hamiltonian simulation is a central task in quantum computing, with wide-ranging applications in quantum chemistry, condensed matter physics, and combinatorial optimization. A fundamental challenge lies in approximating the unitary evolution operator \( e^{-i\mathcal{H}t} \), where \( \mathcal{H} \) is a large, typically non-commuting, Hermitian operator, using resource-efficient methods suitable for near-term devices. We present a refinement of the fixed-depth simulation framework introduced by E. K\"okc\"u et al, incorporating the second-order Zassenhaus expansion to systematically factorize the time evolution operator into a product of exponentials of local Hamiltonian terms and their nested commutators, truncated at second order. This yields a controlled, non-unitary approximation with error scaling as \( \mathcal{O}(t^3) \), preserving constant circuit depth and significantly reducing gate counts compared to first-order Trotterization. Unlike higher-order Trotter or Taylor methods, our approach algebraically isolates non-commutative corrections and embeds them into a depth-independent ansatz. We further exploit the quaternary structure and closure properties of Lie subalgebras to evaluate commutators analytically, circumventing explicit matrix exponentiation and reducing classical preprocessing overhead. This enables efficient simulation of Hamiltonians with bounded operator norm and structured locality, including those encountered in realistic quantum chemistry and spin-lattice models. Our method retains simulation fidelity while relaxing strict unitarity constraints, offering a scalable and accurate framework for fixed-depth quantum simulation on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware.