Late-time suppression of structure growth as a solution for the $S_8$ tension

TL;DR

This paper investigates late-time suppression of structure growth as a potential solution to the $S_8$ tension, demonstrating that modified gravity models with rapid low-redshift suppression fit observational data better than standard $\\Lambda$CDM.

Contribution

It introduces phenomenological modified gravity models with late-time suppression of structure growth, showing they better reconcile cosmic shear and CMB data compared to traditional models.

Findings

Modified gravity models improve fit to combined datasets.

Late-time suppression models outperform standard $\\Lambda$CDM.

Suppression effects are most significant at lower redshifts.

Abstract

The $S_8$ value inferred from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Year 3 cosmic shear data, under the assumption of the flat $\Lambda$CDM model, is 2-3$\sigma$ lower than that inferred from observations of the early-time universe, such as cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data. Resolving the $S_8$ tension requires a scenario in which structure formation on small scales is suppressed in the late universe. As potential solutions, we consider extended models both within and beyond the $\Lambda$CDM model -- models that incorporate parameterized baryonic feedback effects, the effect of varying neutrino mass, and modified structure growth, each of which can lead to a suppression of structure growth at lower redshifts, with its own distinct scale- and redshift-dependencies. In particular, we consider phenomenological modified gravity models in which the suppression of structure growth is triggered at lower redshifts, as dark energy ($\Lambda$) begins to dominate the background expansion. We show that the modified growth factor models -- especially those featuring more rapid growth suppression at lower redshifts -- provide an improved fit to the combined datasets of the HSC-Y3 cosmic shear correlation functions, the Planck CMB, and the ACT DR6 CMB lensing, compared to the fiducial $\Lambda$CDM model and the models including the baryonic effects or the massive neutrino effect within the the $\Lambda$CDM framework.