Quarkyonic picture of isospin QCD

TL;DR

This paper proposes a quarkyonic framework for cold isospin QCD, where pions form a Bose-Einstein condensate and coexist with free quarks, explaining lattice data and suggesting a lower onset density than previously thought.

Contribution

It introduces a new quarkyonic model for isospin QCD that incorporates pion substructure and confinement effects near the Fermi surface, aligning with lattice and perturbative results.

Findings

Onset density can be below two nuclear saturation densities.

Pion dissociation occurs due to asymptotic freedom, leading to vanishing pion density.

Model agrees with lattice QCD and perturbative QCD results.

Abstract

We suggest a new look onto the thermodynamics of cold isospin QCD matter described within the quarkyonic framework, when confining forces are essential only for the momentum states close to the Fermi sphere and lead to formation of the quark-antiquark correlations with quantum numbers of pions. Within this picture cold isospin QCD matter is constituted by the Bose-Einstein condensate of pions and free (anti)quarks. We develop a simple confining model of pions existing as the lowest energy $P$-state of in-medium three-dimensional harmonic oscillator and use it to show that under the conditions of isospin QCD quarkyonic matter can onset at densities significantly smaller than the overlap density of pions. Using the experimentally established pion charge radius we demonstrate that the onset density can be even lower than two nuclear saturation densities. To analyze the lattice QCD data we develop a field-theory inspired model of quark-antiquark-pion matter with vector-isovector repulsion among pions and (anti)quarks. The quark substructure of pions, which is one of the key elements of the model, is accounted for within the one-loop no-sea approximation and leads to an effective medium dependence of the pion mass. The latter is shown to be crucial for providing asymptotic vanishing of the pion density and pion condensate, which reflects pion dissociation due to asymptotic freedom of QCD. The proposed quarkyonic picture of isospin QCD agrees with the results of perturbative calculations on reaching the conformal limit of QCD and with the data of lattice simulations, which supports its viability and physical relevance.