Multi-party dynamic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme based on rotation operators

TL;DR

This paper introduces a multi-party dynamic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme using rotation operators, addressing server volatility and T-gate errors, suitable for quantum cloud networks with theoretical security and practical simulation validation.

Contribution

It presents a novel scheme that handles server dynamics and T-gate errors non-interactively, extending to multi-client multi-server models with reduced client quantum requirements.

Findings

The scheme is correct and fully homomorphic, as proven theoretically.

It is information-theoretically secure and highly qubit-efficient.

Simulation results validate practical feasibility on IBM Quantum Experience.

Abstract

Quantum homomorphic encryption is the corresponding technology of classical homomorphic encryption in the quantum field. Due to its ability to ensure the correctness of computation and the security of data, it is particularly suitable for delegated computation in quantum cloud networks. However, previous schemes were unable to simultaneously handle the volatility problem of servers dynamically and eliminate the error caused by homomorphic evaluation of T-gate non-interactively. Therefore, a novel multi-party dynamic quantum homomorphic encryption scheme based on rotation operators is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the proposed scheme uses the rotation operators to solve the phase gate error that occurs during the homomorphic evaluation of T-gate non-interactively. Secondly, the scheme can dynamically deal with instability of servers, such as adding a server or removing a server. Then, the trusted key center is introduced, which is responsible for key updating and circuit replacement, which lowers the requirements for quantum capabilities on the client. Finally, this scheme extends the single-client multi-server model to the multi-client multi-server model, making it more suitable for quantum distributed networks and enhancing its practicality. In addition, we theoretically prove the correctness and fully homomorphic property of the proposed scheme, and verify it through the simulation conducted on the IBM Quantum Experience. Security analysis and efficiency analysis further demonstrate that the proposed scheme is information-theoretically secure and possesses high qubit efficiency.