ContribChain: A Stress-Balanced Blockchain Sharding Protocol with Node Contribution Awareness

TL;DR

ContribChain is a novel blockchain sharding protocol that dynamically balances stress across shards by considering node contributions, improving throughput and reducing cross-shard transactions in heterogeneous environments.

Contribution

It introduces a stress-aware sharding protocol with contribution-based node and account allocation algorithms for improved performance and security.

Findings

P-Louvain reduces allocation time by 86%.

ContribChain increases throughput by 35.8%.

It decreases cross-shard transactions by 16%.

Abstract

Existing blockchain sharding protocols have focused on eliminating imbalanced workload distributions. However, even with workload balance, disparities in processing capabilities can lead to differential stress among shards, resulting in transaction backlogs in certain shards. Therefore, achieving stress balance among shards in the dynamic and heterogeneous environment presents a significant challenge of blockchain sharding. In this paper, we propose ContribChain, a blockchain sharding protocol that can automatically be aware of node contributions to achieve stress balance. We calculate node contribution values based on the historical behavior to evaluate the performance and security of nodes. Furthermore, we propose node allocation algorithm NACV and account allocation algorithm P-Louvain, which both match shard performance with workload to achieve stress balance. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to compare our work with state-of-the-art baselines based on real Ethereum transactions. The evaluation results show that P-Louvain reduces allocation execution time by 86% and the cross-shard transaction ratio by 7.5%. Meanwhile, ContribChain improves throughput by 35.8% and reduces the cross-shard transaction ratio by 16%.