Experimental Investigation of a Bipartite Quench in a 1D Bose gas

TL;DR

This paper experimentally studies the dynamics of a 1D Bose gas after a bipartite quench, demonstrating ballistic boundary evolution, reconstructing initial rapidity distributions, and comparing results with Generalized HydroDynamics predictions.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental investigation of bipartite quenches in a 1D Bose gas, validating GHD predictions and developing methods to reconstruct initial rapidity distributions from boundary profiles.

Findings

Boundary density profiles exhibit ballistic, Euler-scale dynamics.

Boundary profiles match zero-temperature GHD predictions with entropy-related deviations.

Method developed to reconstruct initial rapidity distributions from boundary measurements.

Abstract

Long wavelength dynamics of 1D Bose gases with repulsive contact interactions can be captured by Generalized HydroDynamics (GHD) which predicts the evolution of the local rapidity distribution. The latter corresponds to the momentum distribution of quasiparticles, which have infinite lifetime owing to the integrability of the system. Here we experimentally investigate the dynamics for an initial situation that is the junction of two semi-infinite systems in different stationary states, a protocol referred to as `bipartite quench' protocol. More precisely we realise the particular case where one half of the system is the vacuum state. We show that the evolution of the boundary density profile exhibits ballistic dynamics obeying the Euler hydrodynamic scaling. The boundary profiles are similar to the ones predicted with zero-temperature GHD in the quasi-BEC regime, with deviations due to non-zero entropy effects. We show that this protocol, provided the boundary profile is measured with infinite precision, permits to reconstruct the rapidity distribution of the initial state. For our data, we extract the initial rapidity distribution by fitting the boundary profile and we use a 3-parameter ansatz that goes beyond the thermal assumption. Finally, we investigate the local rapidity distribution inside the boundary profile, which, according to GHD, presents, on one side, features of zero-entropy states. The measured distribution shows the asymmetry predicted by GHD, although unelucidated deviations remain.