Spatiotemporal mode-locked vector solitons

TL;DR

This paper explores the vector characteristics of spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber lasers, revealing two new types of vector solitons and their polarization-dependent behaviors, thus advancing understanding of complex nonlinear dynamics in these systems.

Contribution

It introduces and experimentally demonstrates two novel types of vector solitons in STML fiber lasers, highlighting their polarization and wavelength properties and polarization-dependent phenomena.

Findings

Discovery of polarization-locked and group velocity-locked vector solitons in STML lasers

Observation of polarization-dependent gain competition and wavelength variation

Confirmation that soliton trapping is universal in vector solitons within STML systems

Abstract

With the increased transverse mode degrees of freedom, spatiotemporal mode-locked (STML) fiber lasers exhibit more intricate and richer nonlinear dynamics, making them an ideal platform for studying complex nonlinear phenomena. However, current research mainly focuses on their scalar characteristics, leaving their vector characteristics unexplored. Here, we investigate the vector characteristics of the STML fiber laser and demonstrate two novel types of vector solitons associated with transverse modes, namely the STML polarization-locked vector soliton (PLVS) and the STML group velocity-locked vector soliton (GVLVS). In both types of STML vector solitons, the two polarization modes exhibit distinct transverse mode compositions and relative power ratios. However, the two polarization modes share identical peak wavelengths in STML PLVSs, while they have different peak wavelengths in STML GVLVSs. Notably, during the soliton splitting process of the STML GVLVSs, polarization-dependent phenomena, including the gain competition and variation of the peak wavelength difference between polarization modes as well as the invisible periodic variation in the beam profile, are observed. The formation of STML vector solitons demonstrates that soliton trapping remains a universal phenomenon for vector solitons even in the more intricate STML fiber lasers, and the obtained results reveal the vector characteristics of STML fiber lasers, enhancing the understanding of their nonlinear phenomena.