The soft X-ray transient EP241021a: A cosmic explosion with a complex off-axis jet and cocoon from a massive progenitor

TL;DR

This paper presents multiwavelength observations and modeling of the X-ray transient EP241021a, revealing a complex off-axis jet and cocoon structure from a massive progenitor, advancing understanding of X-ray flashes and their jet environments.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed multiwavelength analysis of EP241021a, demonstrating complex jet and cocoon interactions in an X-ray flash with new insights into their structure and dynamics.

Findings

Detection of a structured jet with off-axis components.

Identification of multiple cocoon components with different Lorentz factors.

Rebrightening at 7 days explained by off-axis jet core.

Abstract

X-ray flashes (XRFs) are fast X-ray transients thought to be softer analogs of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). With its soft X-ray sensitivity, the Einstein Probe (EP) provides a unique opportunity to study these events. We report multiwavelength observations of EP241021a, a soft X-ray transient detected by EP, and interpret its afterglow in the context of leading XRF models. The prompt emission was observed by EP-WXT and Fermi-GBM, followed by a broad campaign across radio (uGMRT, ATCA, e-MERLIN, ALMA), optical (LBT, GTC, CAHA), and X-rays (EP-FXT). Light curves and spectra were analyzed with both empirical and physical models of GRBs and spherical expansions (both nonrelativistic and mildly relativistic cocoons). The afterglow shows multiple components, consistent with a structured jet interacting with a complex environment. The early optical and X-ray decline is explained by wide, low-Lorentz-factor ($\gamma \sim 40$) wings, while a rebrightening at approximately 7 days arises from the off-axis jet core. Radio data require an additional mildly relativistic cocoon ($\gamma \sim 2$), and a late (70 days) spectral component peaking at 50 GHz suggests a second, slower cocoon ($\gamma \sim 1$).