Enhancing Blockchain Cross Chain Interoperability: A Comprehensive Survey

TL;DR

This comprehensive survey analyzes over 150 sources to classify and examine blockchain interoperability methods, highlighting challenges, industry practices, and future research directions to foster a cohesive multi-chain ecosystem.

Contribution

It provides the most extensive classification and analysis of blockchain interoperability approaches, integrating academic and industry perspectives to guide future research and development.

Findings

Classified interoperability approaches including Atomic Swaps, Sidechains, Light Clients

Identified key challenges and strategic insights for blockchain interoperability

Highlighted the convergence of academic research with industry practices

Abstract

Blockchain technology, introduced in 2008, has revolutionized data storage and transfer across sectors such as finance, healthcare, intelligent transportation, and the metaverse. However, the proliferation of blockchain systems has led to discrepancies in architectures, consensus mechanisms, and data standards, creating data and value silos that hinder the development of an integrated multi chain ecosystem. Blockchain interoperability (a.k.a cross chain interoperability) has thus emerged as a solution to enable seamless data and asset exchange across disparate blockchains. In this survey, we systematically analyze over 150 high impact sources from academic journals, digital libraries, and grey literature to provide an in depth examination of blockchain interoperability. By exploring the existing methods, technologies, and architectures, we offer a classification of interoperability approaches including Atomic Swaps, Sidechains, Light Clients, and so on, which represent the most comprehensive overview to date. Furthermore, we investigate the convergence of academic research with industry practices, underscoring the importance of collaborative efforts in advancing blockchain innovation. Finally, we identify key strategic insights, challenges, and future research trajectories in this field. Our findings aim to support researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders in understanding and harnessing the transformative potential of blockchain interoperability to address current challenges and drive forward a cohesive multi-chain ecosystem.