Higher symmetries and anomalies in quantum lattice systems

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new framework for understanding 't Hooft anomalies in 2d quantum lattice systems using higher group symmetries and cohomology, revealing obstructions to symmetry on-siteability and their relation to higher symmetries.

Contribution

It defines an 't Hooft anomaly index via higher group structures and cohomology, linking anomalies to higher symmetries and providing a new perspective on symmetry actions in lattice systems.

Findings

Anomaly index takes values in degree-4 cohomology of the group.

Higher symmetries are modeled as 3-groups and 2-groups.

Anomalies are obstructions to promoting symmetry actions to higher group morphisms.

Abstract

We define an 't Hooft anomaly index for a group acting on a 2d quantum lattice system by finite-depth circuits. It takes values in the degree-4 cohomology of the group and is an obstruction to on-siteability of the group action. We introduce a 3-group (modeled as a crossed square) describing higher symmetries of a 2d lattice system and show that the 2d anomaly index is an obstruction for promoting a symmetry action to a morphism of 3-groups. This demonstrates that 't Hooft anomalies are a consequence of a mixing between ordinary symmetries and higher symmetries. Similarly, to any 1d lattice system we attach a 2-group (modeled as a crossed module) and interpret the Nayak-Else anomaly index as an obstruction for promoting a group action to a morphism of 2-groups. The meaning of indices of Symmetry Protected Topological states is also illuminated by higher group symmetry.