Bertrand framed surfaces in the Euclidean 3-space and its applications

TL;DR

This paper introduces Bertrand framed surfaces in Euclidean 3-space, explores their properties, and defines related concepts like caustics, involutes, and tangential direction framed surfaces, with applications to geometric transformations.

Contribution

It extends the concept of Bertrand curves to surfaces using moving frames, establishing conditions for caustics, involutes, and introducing tangential direction framed surfaces.

Findings

Defined Bertrand framed surfaces and their caustics and involutes.

Established conditions for caustics and involutes to be inverse operations.

Introduced the concept of tangential direction framed surfaces.

Abstract

A framed surface is a smooth surface in the Euclidean space with a moving frame. By using the moving frame, we can define Bertrand framed surfaces as the same idea as Bertrand framed curves. Then we find the caustics and involutes as Bertrand framed surfaces. As applications, we can directly define the caustics and involutes of framed surfaces, and give conditions that the caustics and involutes are inverse operations of framed surfaces like as those of Legendre curves. Moreover, a framed surface is one of the Bertrand framed surfaces if and only if another caustic of the involute exists, under conditions. Furthermore, we find a new such operation, the so-called tangential direction framed surfaces.