Non-Gaussian Noise Magnetometry Using Local Spin Qubits

TL;DR

This paper introduces methods to measure non-Gaussian magnetic noise using local spin qubits, extending quantum noise analysis beyond linear response to include higher-order cumulants and spatial correlations.

Contribution

It presents two protocols for detecting non-Gaussian noise and spatially non-local cumulants with spin qubits, advancing magnetic noise spectroscopy in quantum materials.

Findings

Protocols successfully detect non-Gaussian noise characteristics.

Demonstrates measurement of spatially correlated magnetic fluctuations.

Shows convergence of fluctuation dynamics towards Gaussian behavior.

Abstract

Atomic scale qubits, as may be realized in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, offer the opportunity to study magnetic field noise with nanometer scale spatial resolution. Using these spin qubits, one can learn a great deal about the magnetic-field noise correlations, and correspondingly the collective-mode spectra, in quantum materials and devices. However, to date these tools have been essentially restricted to studying Gaussian noise processes -- equivalent to linear-response. In this work we will show how to extend these techniques beyond the Gaussian regime and show how to unambiguously measure higher-order magnetic noise cumulants in a local, spatially resolved way. We unveil two protocols for doing this; the first uses a single spin-qubit and different dynamical decoupling sequences to extract non-Markovian and non-Gaussian spin-echo noise. The second protocol uses two-qubit coincidence measurements to study spatially non-local cumulants in the magnetic noise. We then demonstrate the utility of these protocols by considering a model of a bath of non-interacting two-level systems, as well as a model involving spatially correlated magnetic fluctuations near a second-order Ising phase transition. In both cases, we highlight how this technique can be used to measure in a real many-body system how fluctuation dynamics converge towards the central limit theorem as a function of effective bath size. We then conclude by discussing some promising applications and extensions of this method.