ArrhythmiaVision: Resource-Conscious Deep Learning Models with Visual Explanations for ECG Arrhythmia Classification

TL;DR

This paper introduces lightweight deep learning models for ECG arrhythmia classification that are efficient enough for edge devices, while providing visual explanations for their predictions to enhance clinical interpretability.

Contribution

The authors develop two novel resource-efficient 1D CNN models with integrated interpretability techniques, enabling real-time ECG analysis on constrained hardware.

Findings

Achieved high classification accuracy of 0.99 and 0.98 on MIT-BIH dataset.

Models have very small memory footprints of 302.18 KB and 157.76 KB.

Provided physiologically meaningful explanations highlighting ECG features.

Abstract

Cardiac arrhythmias are a leading cause of life-threatening cardiac events, highlighting the urgent need for accurate and timely detection. Electrocardiography (ECG) remains the clinical gold standard for arrhythmia diagnosis; however, manual interpretation is time-consuming, dependent on clinical expertise, and prone to human error. Although deep learning has advanced automated ECG analysis, many existing models abstract away the signal's intrinsic temporal and morphological features, lack interpretability, and are computationally intensive-hindering their deployment on resource-constrained platforms. In this work, we propose two novel lightweight 1D convolutional neural networks, ArrhythmiNet V1 and V2, optimized for efficient, real-time arrhythmia classification on edge devices. Inspired by MobileNet's depthwise separable convolutional design, these models maintain memory footprints of just 302.18 KB and 157.76 KB, respectively, while achieving classification accuracies of 0.99 (V1) and 0.98 (V2) on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Dataset across five classes: Normal Sinus Rhythm, Left Bundle Branch Block, Right Bundle Branch Block, Atrial Premature Contraction, and Premature Ventricular Contraction. In order to ensure clinical transparency and relevance, we integrate Shapley Additive Explanations and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping, enabling both local and global interpretability. These techniques highlight physiologically meaningful patterns such as the QRS complex and T-wave that contribute to the model's predictions. We also discuss performance-efficiency trade-offs and address current limitations related to dataset diversity and generalizability. Overall, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of combining interpretability, predictive accuracy, and computational efficiency in practical, wearable, and embedded ECG monitoring systems.