Earths composition: origin, evolution and energy budget

TL;DR

This paper reviews Earth's composition, origin, and evolution, emphasizing the role of oxygen isotopes, planetary growth, and radiogenic heat, with recent geoneutrino data constraining Earth's radiogenic power and elemental makeup.

Contribution

It synthesizes geochemical, geophysical, and cosmochemical data to provide a comprehensive understanding of Earth's composition, growth history, and energy budget, incorporating recent geoneutrino measurements.

Findings

Earth's radiogenic power is approximately 20 TW.

Bulk silicate Earth's refractory element proportions are 2.5-2.7 times those in CI chondrites.

Oxygen isotopic compositions differ from the Sun and suggest complex planetary formation processes.

Abstract

One in every two atoms in the Earth, Mars, and the Moon is oxygen; it is the third most abundant element in the solar system. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the terrestrial planets are different from those of the Sun and demonstrate that these planets are not direct compositional analogs of the solar photosphere. Likewise, the Suns O/Fe, Fe/Mg and Mg/Si values are distinct from those of inner solar system chondrites and terrestrial planets. These four elements (O, Fe, Mg, Si) make up about 94% by mass of the rocky planets and their abundances are determined uniquely using geophysical, geochemical and cosmochemical constraints. The rocky planets grew rapidly from planetesimals, most of which were differentiated, having a core and a mantle, before being accreted. Planetary growth in the early stages of protoplanetary disk evolution was rapid and was only partially recorded by the meteoritic record. The noncarbonaceous meteorites (NC) provide insights into the early history of the inner solar system and are used to construct a framework for how the rocky planets were assembled. NC chondrites have chondrule ages that are two to three million years younger than t_zero (the age of calcium-aluminum inclusions, CAI), documenting that chondrites are middle- to late-stage products of solar system evolution. The composition of the Earth, its current form of mantle convection, and the amount of radiogenic power that drives its engine remain controversial topics. Earths dynamics are driven by primordial and radiogenic heat sources. Measurement of the Earths geoneutrino flux defines its radiogenic power and restricts its bulk composition. Using the latest data from the KamLAND and Borexino geoneutrino experiments affirms that the Earth has 20 TW of radiogenic power and sets the proportions of refractory lithophile elements in the bulk silicate Earth at 2.5 to 2.7 times that in CI chondrites.