Metasurfaces in Adaptive Optics: A New Opportunity in Optical Wavefront Sensing

TL;DR

This paper reviews how metasurfaces, with their microstructured design, are revolutionizing wavefront sensing in adaptive optics by enabling more precise, multi-dimensional control of light for applications like astronomy and microscopy.

Contribution

It introduces the potential of metasurface technology to transform wavefront sensing by providing a new theoretical framework and highlighting recent advancements.

Findings

Metasurfaces enable multi-dimensional control of light fields.

Recent research demonstrates improved wavefront sensing accuracy.

Potential applications include astronomy, microscopy, and laser engineering.

Abstract

Over the past fifty years, wavefront sensing technology has continuously evolved from basic techniques to high-precision systems, serving as a core methodology in adaptive optics (AO). Beyond traditional wavefront retrieval methods based on spot displacement, direct phase retrieval techniques with greater accuracy have emerged, jointly driving advancements in wavefront sensing precision. This evolution is fueled by increasing demands for accuracy, which have prompted iterative upgrades in system architectures and algorithms. Recently, breakthroughs in metasurface technology have opened new possibilities for wavefront sensing. By utilizing subwavelength microstructures, metasurfaces enable multi-dimensional control over the phase, amplitude, and polarization of light fields. Their high degree of design flexibility presents transformative opportunities for advancing wavefront sensing capabilities. This review examines the fundamental principles of wavefront sensing and the development of key enabling devices, highlighting how metasurface technology is reshaping traditional paradigms. We discuss recent research progress and emerging innovations, aiming to establish a theoretical framework for next-generation wavefront sensing technologies. Ultimately, we hope this review provides technical insights for applications in astronomical observation, biological microscopy, laser engineering, and beyond.