Bell's Inequalities and Entanglement in Corpora of Italian Language

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that concepts in Italian language corpora exhibit quantum entanglement, as evidenced by Bell inequality violations, supporting the idea that deep, language-independent structures underlie concept formation.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum model for linguistic data showing entanglement in Italian corpora, extending previous English language findings and highlighting language-independent conceptual structures.

Findings

Bell's inequalities are significantly violated in Italian corpora.

Quantum entanglement is observed in concept combinations across languages.

The results support a language-independent quantum model of concept formation.

Abstract

We analyze the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. The tests have the form of a 'Bell-type test' and were aimed at identifying 'quantum entanglement' in the combination, or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of the combination 'The Animal Acts', while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation of the combination 'The Animal eats the Food'. We found a significant violation of Bell's inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation that are language-independent. The systematic violation of Bell's inequalities suggests the presence of entanglement and, indeed, we elaborate here a 'quantum model in Hilbert space' for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about entanglement as a phenomenon of 'contextual updating', independently of the nature, micro-physical or conceptual linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel'son's bound, and no-signaling in Bell-type situations.