Hubble's Variable Nebula I: Ripples on a Big Screen

TL;DR

This study uses a 7-year, high-cadence observational record of Hubble's Variable Nebula to reveal ongoing ripples caused by light variations from R Monocerotis, providing insights into the nebula's structure and dynamics.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed time-domain analysis of Hubble's Variable Nebula, revealing ripples and the nebula's shape, density, and motion, based on extensive imaging and multi-wavelength observations.

Findings

Detection of continuous ripples indicating dynamic light changes.

Identification of a half paraboloid reflecting screen structure.

Measurement of dense, moving shell of material near R Monocerotis.

Abstract

NGC2261 is a reflection nebula illuminated by the young star R Monocerotis. Objects moving near the star occasionally cast shadows on the nebula, giving rise to its alternative name: Hubble's Variable Nebula. For 7 years since Spring 2017 robotic telescopes have been used to compile a roughly twice-weekly record of changes in the object. The results, over 1000 images at separate epochs, have been compiled into a movie. This shows that, as well as the large scale but infrequent variability for which it is famous, the nebula is continually traversed by low level `ripples' of light and dark. These record changes in the light output from R Mon and analysis of their progress indicates that the reflecting material takes the form of a thin (<3x10^16cm) screen whose shape resembles a half paraboloid, rooted at the star and bowed towards us. The brightness of the screen in Herschel far-IR maps indicates a density n_H> 1.7x10^5cm^-3 and CO observations show the material is moving towards us at a few km/s relative to the rest cloud, consistent it with being a dense shell of material displaced by R~Mon's outflow. The results demonstrate the value of studying such objects in the time domain, and are a glimpse of what will be achieved by instruments like the Zwicky Transient Facility and Vera Rubin Observatory.