Wildfire Smoke -- A Rigorous Challenge for HVAC Air Filters

TL;DR

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various HVAC filters in removing wildfire smoke, revealing rapid efficiency decline in charged media and emphasizing the need for smoke-specific testing standards.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive comparison of filter media performance against wildfire smoke and highlights the necessity for new testing standards tailored to smoke particles.

Findings

Charged polymer media show rapid efficiency decline in smoke removal.

Mechanical media maintain more stable performance but increase airflow resistance.

SEM analysis reveals unique smoke-fiber interactions affecting performance.

Abstract

Wildfires pose a significant air quality challenge as the smoke they produce can travel long distances and infiltrate indoor spaces. HVAC filters serve as a primary defense against this threat. In our study, we tested over 17 different types of commercially available filter media, including charged and uncharged synthetic, as well as fiberglass media, from leading global manufacturers, to assess their efficiency in removing smoke, using pine needle smoke as a proxy for wildfire smoke. Our findings revealed that charged polymer media, across all tested MERV grades, showed a rapid decline in smoke removal efficiency within minutes while causing no increase in airflow resistance. In contrast, mechanical media demonstrated more stable performance but experienced an increase in airflow resistance. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we examined smoke deposition on fiber media, revealing unique interactions that contribute to the decline in filtration performance. These results suggest the need to reconsider current standards - whose testing is centered around inorganic particle removal - and the applicability of their ratings to smoke filtration. Our study also highlights the critical need to develop standard testing methods and evaluation criteria specific to smoke particles in HVAC filters to better protect human occupants during wildfire events.