Optimal Syntactic Definitions of Back-and-Forth Types

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complexity of back-and-forth relations in computable structure theory, establishing their optimal descriptive set-theoretic complexity and introducing a new syntactic hierarchy related to these relations.

Contribution

It proves the exact complexity levels of back-and-forth relations and introduces a new hierarchy of formulas that captures these relations and is preserved by them.

Findings

Back-and-forth relations are $oldsymbol{ ext{ extbf{ extit{ extPi}}}}^0_{2 ext{ extalpha}}$-complete.

The one-sided relations are $oldsymbol{ ext{ extbf{ extPi}}}}^0_{ extalpha+2}$ and $oldsymbol{ ext{ extbf{ extPi}}}}^0_{ extalpha+3}$ complete.

A new hierarchy of formulas is introduced, related to the back-and-forth game, useful in model constructions.

Abstract

The back-and-forth relations $M\leq_\alpha N$ are central to computable structure theory and countable model theory. It is well-known that the relation $\{(M,N) : M \leq_\alpha N\}$ is (lightface) $\Pi^0_{2\alpha}$. We show that this is optimal as the set is $\mathbf{\Pi}^0_{2\alpha}$-complete. We are also interested in the one-sided relations $\{ N : M \leq_\alpha N\}$ and $\{ N : M \geq_\alpha N\}$ for a fixed $M$, measuring the $\Pi_\alpha$ and $\Sigma_\alpha$ types of $M$. We show that these sets are always $\mathbf{\Pi}^0_{\alpha + 2}$ and $\mathbf{\Pi}^0_{\alpha+3}$ respectively, and that for most $\alpha$ there are structures $M$ for which these relations are complete at that level. In particular, there are structures $M$ such that there is no $\Pi_\alpha$ (or even $\Pi_{\alpha+1})$ sentence $\varphi$ such that $N \models \varphi \Longleftrightarrow M \leq_\alpha N$. This is unfortunate as not all $\Pi_{\alpha+2}$ sentences are preserved under $\leq_\alpha$. We define a new hierarchy of syntactic complexity closely related to the back-and-forth game, which can both define the back-and-forth types as well as be preserved by them. These hierarchies of formulas have already been useful in certain Henkin constructions, one of which we give in this paper, and another previously used by Gonzalez and Harrison-Trainor to show that every $\Pi_\alpha$ theory of linear orders has a model with Scott rank at most $\alpha+3$.