Shock-induced HCNH+ abundance enhancement in the heart of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 unveiled by ALCHEMI

TL;DR

This study investigates the behavior of the molecular ion HCNH+ in the starburst galaxy NGC 253's central region, revealing shock-driven chemical enhancement and establishing HCNH+ as a tracer of low-density, extreme environments.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of HCNH+ in an external galaxy's starburst nucleus, combining observations, quantum calculations, and modeling to explain its abundance enhancement.

Findings

HCNH+ emission is widespread in NGC 253's CMZ.

HCNH+ traces low-density molecular gas (~10^2.8-10^3.55 cm^-3).

Elevated HCNH+ abundances are likely due to shocks and high temperatures.

Abstract

Understanding the chemistry of molecular clouds is pivotal to elucidate star formation and galaxy evolution. As one of the important molecular ions, HCNH+ plays an important role in this chemistry. Yet, its behavior and significance under extreme conditions, such as in the CMZs of external galaxies, are still largely unexplored. We aim to reveal the physical and chemical properties of the CMZ in the starburst galaxy NGC253 with multiple HCNH+ transitions to shed light on the molecule's behavior under the extreme physical conditions of a starburst. We employ molecular line data including results for four rotational transitions of HCNH+ from the ALCHEMI large program to investigate underlying physical and chemical processes. Despite weak intensities, HCNH+ emission is widespread throughout NGC253's CMZ, which suggests that this molecular ion can effectively trace large-scale structures within molecular clouds. Using the quantum mechanical coupled states approximation, we computed rate coefficients for collisions of HCNH+ with para-H2 and ortho-H2 at kinetic temperatures up to 500 K. Using these coefficients in a non-LTE modeling framework and employing a Monte Carlo Markov chain analysis, we find that HCNH+ emission originates from regions with H2 number densities of $\sim10^{2.80}-10^{3.55}$~cm$^{-3}$, establishing HCNH+ as a tracer of low-density environments. Our analysis reveals that most of the HCNH+ abundances in the CMZ of NGC253 are higher than all reported values in the Milky Way. We performed static, PDR, and shock modeling, and found that recurrent shocks could potentially account for the elevated HCNH+ abundances observed in this CMZ. We propose that the unexpectedly high HCNH+ abundances may result from chemical enhancement, primarily driven by the elevated gas temperatures and cosmic ray ionization rates of shocked, low-density gas in the nuclear starburst regions of NGC253.