Pattern Formation in Isothermal Miscible Protein/Sugar Systems Driven by Marangoni Effects and Evaporation

TL;DR

This study demonstrates a novel pattern formation mechanism in isothermal protein/sugar systems driven by Marangoni effects and evaporation, expanding understanding of dissipative pattern formation without thermal or chemical gradients.

Contribution

The paper introduces a new pattern formation phenomenon in isothermal miscible fluids, showing how evaporation and Marangoni effects can create complex patterns over minutes.

Findings

Spiral patterns form in protein/sugar solutions due to Marangoni effects.

Pattern formation occurs over minutes, longer than typical Marangoni spreading.

Dissipative patterns can form without thermal gradients or chemical reactions.

Abstract

Through a combination of experiments and modeling, we have demonstrated a novel pattern formation phenomenon in an isothermal miscible fluid system involving simple protein and sugar solutions. We introduced dye-tagged protein solution into a petri dish with sugar solutions, which had higher density than the added protein solution. Initially, the protein spread and became more uniformly distributed at the air-water interface. Subsequently, it concentrated in specific areas to form spiral patterns. We propose that the mechanism involves an interplay between Marangoni effects, evaporation, and airflow. This finding is unexpected as solute Marangoni-related processes are generally characterized by fast spreading (seconds), while the pattern formation in our systems takes several minutes to form. Our work suggests that Turing reaction-diffusion patterns can be replicated by replacing the reaction-induced inhomogeneous solute distribution by evaporation-induced inhomogeneity. In both cases, the fast diffusive or Marangoni spreading of the solute is counteracted by a slower step that serves to reverse the solute homogenization. In showing that dissipative patterns can form in the absence of thermal gradients or chemical reactions, our findings significantly expand the conditions that lead to pattern formation. The insights gained also enhance our ability to manipulate and control fluid motion and surface morphology, with promising implications for many areas such as coating technologies, materials science, and microfluidics.