Zero Echo Time Functional MRI in Humans

TL;DR

This paper explores the use of Zero Echo Time (ZTE) MRI sequences for functional brain mapping, demonstrating its robustness against artifacts and potential as an alternative to traditional BOLD EPI fMRI.

Contribution

The study introduces and optimizes a ZTE sequence for fMRI, showing its feasibility and advantages over conventional methods in detecting brain activity.

Findings

ZTE sequence detects activity in primary visual cortex.

Resting state networks are identifiable with ZTE.

ZTE reduces susceptibility artifacts and acoustic noise.

Abstract

Motivation: Conventional echo planar imaging(EPI) based functional MRI(fMRI) uses the BOLD contrast to map activity changes in human brains. Introducing an efficient ZTE sequence for functional brain mapping can help address limitations of EPI and demonstrate the feasibility of using T1 related changes as a surrogate marker of brain activity. Goals: To test and optimize ZTE sequence for fMRI. Methods: A ZTE sequence with radial inside out spokes was used to prepare a dynamic imaging protocol that matches conventional EPI time course. Temporal SNR and sensitivity to susceptibility differences of ZTE were evaluated and the sequence was benchmarked against BOLD EPI in a task based visual fMRI study with healthy volunteers at 3T. Results: Phantom measurements confirmed sensitivity of the ZTE protocol to the oxygen concentration. Functional activation in primary visual cortex could be detected using ZTE. Resting state networks could also be identified using independent component analysis. Discussion: ZTE-based fMRI is proposed for mapping functional activation in human brain. ZTE is robust against susceptibility artefacts and significantly reduces acoustic noise. Radial sampling pattern allows for high undersampling rates to increase temporal resolution.