$f(R)$ Gravity: Gravitational Waves Tests

TL;DR

This review discusses how gravitational wave observations constrain $f(R)$ gravity models, which are modifications of General Relativity aimed at explaining cosmic acceleration without dark energy.

Contribution

It summarizes recent observational constraints on $f(R)$ gravity from gravitational wave data and discusses future prospects with upcoming detectors.

Findings

LIGO-Virgo GW observations place bounds on $f(R)$ models.

Future detectors like LISA will improve sensitivity to deviations.

$f(R)$ gravity remains a key framework for alternative cosmological theories.

Abstract

This review explores modified theories of gravity, particularly $f(R)$ gravity, as extensions to General Relativity (GR) that offer alternatives to dark energy for explaining cosmic acceleration. These models generalize the Einstein-Hilbert action to include functions of the Ricci scalar, providing new insights into cosmology and astrophysics. The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) has enabled rigorous tests of $f(R)$ gravity, as deviations in GW propagation, speed, and polarization can signal modifications to GR. Constraints on $f(R)$ models arise from LIGO-Virgo observations of binary mergers, the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), and complementary tests in cosmology and weak-field regimes. Future GW detectors, such as LISA and the Einstein Telescope, will enhance sensitivity to smaller deviations from GR, necessitating advancements in theoretical modeling. Among competing theories -- including scalar-tensor, massive gravity, and Horndeski models -- $f(R)$ gravity remains a pivotal framework for understanding fundamental gravitational physics and cosmology. This review highlights key developments, challenges, and future directions in the field.