The Legacy of Henrietta Leavitt: A Re-analysis of the First Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relation

TL;DR

This paper re-analyzes Henrietta Leavitt's original Cepheid variable star data using modern techniques, confirming her findings and demonstrating improvements in the Period-Luminosity relation's precision, thus reinforcing its importance in cosmology.

Contribution

The study applies contemporary data and methods to Leavitt's original observations, reducing scatter and identifying biases, thereby validating and extending her foundational work.

Findings

Modern analysis reduces scatter of the Period-Luminosity relation by a factor of two.

Leavitt's original results are consistent with current measurements.

Identified bias at short periods due to plate non-linearity and crowding.

Abstract

Henrietta Swan Leavitt's discovery of the relationship between the period and luminosity (hereafter the Leavitt Law) of 25 variable stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, published in 1912, revolutionized cosmology. These variables, eventually identified as Cepheids, became the first known "standard candles" for measuring extragalactic distances and remain the gold standard for this task today. Leavitt measured light curves, periods, and minimum and maximum magnitudes from painstaking visual inspection of photographic plates. Her work paved the way for the first precise series of distance measurements that helped set the scale of the Universe, and later the discovery of its expansion by Edwin Hubble in 1929. Here, we re-analyze Leavitt's first Period-Luminosity relation using observations of the same set of stars but with modern data and methods of Cepheid analysis. Using only data from Leavitt's notebooks, we assess the quality of her light curves, measured periods, and the slope and scatter of her Period-Luminosity relations. We show that modern data and methods, for the same objects, reduce the scatter of the Period-Luminosity relation by a factor of two. We also find a bias brightward at the short period end, due to the non-linearity of the plates and environmental crowding. Overall, Leavitt's results are in excellent agreement with contemporary measurements, reinforcing the value of Cepheids in cosmology today, a testament to the enduring quality of her work.