On a rigidity property for quadratic Gauss sums

TL;DR

This paper proves that certain symmetry properties of quadratic Gauss sums imply the multiplicative function is essentially a real character, linking exponential sum behavior to zeros of L-functions near s=1.

Contribution

It establishes a rigidity property for quadratic Gauss sums, showing that approximate dilation symmetry forces the function to be a real character, with implications for zeros of L-functions.

Findings

Functions satisfying the symmetry are mostly real characters.

Connects exponential sum properties to zeros of L-functions near s=1.

Results hold under assumptions about zero-free regions of L-functions.

Abstract

Let $N$ be a large prime and let $c > 1/4$. We prove that if $f$ is a $\pm 1$-valued completely multiplicative function, such that the exponential sums $$ S_f(a) := \sum_{1 \leq n < N} f(n) e(na/N), \quad a \pmod{N} $$ satisfy the ``Gauss sum-like'' approximate dilation symmetry property $$ \frac{1}{N}\sum_{a \pmod{N}} |S_f(ap) - f(p)S_f(a)|^2 = o(N), $$ uniformly over all primes $p \leq N^c$ then $f$ coincides with a real character modulo $N$ at all but $o(N)$ integers $1 \leq n < N$. As a consequence, taking $f$ to be the Liouville function we connect this exponential sums property to the location of real zeros of $L(s,\chi)$ close to $s = 1$, for $\chi$ the Legendre symbol modulo $N$. Assuming the $L$-functions of primitive Dirichlet characters modulo $N$ have a sufficiently wide zero-free region (of Littlewood type), we also show a more general result in which any $c > 0$ may be taken.