Catching the wisps: Stellar mass-loss limits from low-frequency radio observations

TL;DR

This study uses low-frequency radio observations to place direct upper limits on the mass-loss rates of low-mass stars, providing a new method that is more sensitive and less dependent on distance or spectral type than previous techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a direct radio-based method to constrain stellar mass-loss rates, extending measurements to later spectral types and greater distances than prior indirect methods.

Findings

Upper limits on mass-loss rates for 19 M dwarf stars were established.

The method sensitivity approaches the solar mass-loss rate for cold stars with ~100 G magnetic fields.

Future surveys could measure mass-loss rates for up to ~1000 stars.

Abstract

The winds of low-mass stars carry away angular momentum and impact the atmospheres of surrounding planets. Determining the properties of these winds is necessary to understand the mass-loss history of the star and the evolution of exoplanetary atmospheres. Due to their tenuous nature, the winds of low-mass main-sequence stars are difficult to detect. The few existing techniques for measuring these winds are indirect, with the most common inference method for winds of low-mass stars being astrospheric Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption combined with complex hydrodynamical modelling of the interaction between the stellar wind and the interstellar medium. Here, we employ a more direct method to place upper limits on the mass-loss rates of low-mass stars by combining observations of low-frequency coherent radio emission, the lack of free-free absorption, and a simple stellar wind model. We determine upper limits on the mass-loss rate for a sample of 19 M dwarf stars detected with the LOFAR telescope at 120--168 MHz, reaching a sensitivity within an order of magnitude of the solar mass-loss rate for cold stars with a surface magnetic field strength of $\sim$100 G. The sensitivity of our method does not depend on distance or spectral type, allowing us to find mass-loss rate constraints for stars up to spectral type M6 and out to a distance of 50 pc, later and farther than previous measurements. With upcoming low-frequency surveys with both LOFAR and the Square Kilometre Array, the number of stars with mass-loss rate upper limits determined with this method could reach $\sim$1000.