PREFACE: A search for long-lived particles at the Large Hadron Collider

TL;DR

This paper proposes a simplified detector design, PREFACE, for long-lived particle searches at the LHC's forward region, demonstrating through simulations that it could achieve sensitivities comparable to existing specialized detectors.

Contribution

It introduces a new, simplified detector concept, PREFACE, compatible with the HL-LHC beam pipe, and evaluates its physics potential via realistic Geant4 simulations.

Findings

PREFACE can detect long-lived particles with sensitivities similar to existing detectors.

Simulations show effective background suppression and signal detection.

The design is feasible within the constraints of the HL-LHC Run 4.

Abstract

The Standard Model (SM) fails to explain many problems (neutrino masses, dark matter, and matter-antimatter asymmetry, among others) that may be resolved with new particles beyond the Standard model (BSM). The fact that such new particles are not yet observed may be explained either by their too high mass or by very small coupling to SM particles. The latter case implies long lifetimes. Such long-lived particles (LLPs) would have signatures different from those of SM particles. Searches in the "central region" are covered by the LHC general purpose experiments. The forward small angle region far from the interaction point (IP) is unexplored. Such particles would have large energy $E$ = $\mathcal{O}$(1~TeV) and Lorentz time dilation factor $\gamma = E/m \approx 10^2 - 10^{3}$, hence long decay distances. A new class of specialized LHC detectors dedicated to LLP searches has been proposed for the forward regions. Among these experiments, FASER is already operational, and FACET is under consideration at a location 100 meters from IP5 (the CMS intersection). However, some features of FACET require a specially enlarged beam pipe, which cannot be implemented for Run 4. In this study, we explore a simplified version of the proposed detector, PREFACE, compatible with the standard LHC beam pipe in the HL-LHC in Run 4. Realistic Geant4 simulations are performed and the background is evaluated. A preliminary analysis of the physics potential with the PREFACE geometry indicates that several significant channels could be accessible with sensitivities comparable to FACET and other LLP searches.