Perspective of high-speed Mach-Zehnder modulators based on nonlinear optics and complex band structures

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel electromagnetic-wave-based approach using nonlinear optics and complex band structures to analyze and design high-speed traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulators, improving accuracy and efficiency over traditional methods.

Contribution

It presents a new perspective leveraging nonlinear optics and complex band structures for designing and simulating high-speed TW-MZMs, applicable across various material platforms.

Findings

Successful design and experimental validation of high-speed TW-MZMs based on Si and LiNbO₃.

Demonstrated advantages in simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency over conventional methods.

Facilitated integration of electronics and photonics for future high-frequency systems.

Abstract

Optical modulators are essential building blocks for high-capacity optical communication and massively parallel computing. Among all types of optical modulators, travelling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulators (TW-MZMs) featuring high speed and efficiency are widely used, and have been developed on a variety of integrated material platforms. Existing methods to design and simulate TW-MZMs so far strongly rely on the peculiar material properties, and thus inevitably involve complicated electrical-circuit models. As a result, these methods diverge significantly. In addition, they become increasingly inefficient and inaccurate for TW-MZMs with extending length and levitating modulation speed, posing formidable challenges for millimeter-wave and terahertz operation. Here, we present an innovative perspective to understand and analyze high-speed TW-MZMs. Our perspective leverages nonlinear optics and complex band structures of RF photonic crystals, and is thus entirely electromagnetic-wave-based. Under this perspective, we showcase the design, optoelectronic simulation and experimental validation of high-speed TW-MZMs based on Si and LiNbO$_3$, and further demonstrate unambiguous advantages in simplicity, accuracy and efficiency over conventional methods. Our approach can essentially be applied to nearly any integrated material platform, including those based on semiconductors and electro-absorption materials. With high-frequency electrode designs and optoelectronic co-simulation, our approach facilitates the synergy and convergence of electronics and photonics, and offers a viable route to constructing future high-speed millimeter-wave and terahertz photonics and quantum systems.