Cross-Domain Graph Anomaly Detection via Test-Time Training with Homophily-Guided Self-Supervision

TL;DR

This paper introduces GADT3, a test-time training framework for cross-domain graph anomaly detection that leverages homophily-guided self-supervision and domain-specific encoders to adapt effectively across different graph domains.

Contribution

GADT3 is a novel framework combining supervised and self-supervised learning with domain adaptation techniques for cross-domain graph anomaly detection.

Findings

GADT3 outperforms existing methods with over 8.2% average AUROC and AUPRC improvements.

The framework effectively handles heterogeneous features and domain shifts.

Experimental results validate the robustness and effectiveness of GADT3 across multiple settings.

Abstract

Graph Anomaly Detection (GAD) has demonstrated great effectiveness in identifying unusual patterns within graph-structured data. However, while labeled anomalies are often scarce in emerging applications, existing supervised GAD approaches are either ineffective or not applicable when moved across graph domains due to distribution shifts and heterogeneous feature spaces. To address these challenges, we present GADT3, a novel test-time training framework for cross-domain GAD. GADT3 combines supervised and self-supervised learning during training while adapting to a new domain during test time using only self-supervised learning by leveraging a homophily-based affinity score that captures domain-invariant properties of anomalies. Our framework introduces four key innovations to cross-domain GAD: an effective self-supervision scheme, an attention-based mechanism that dynamically learns edge importance weights during message passing, domain-specific encoders for handling heterogeneous features, and class-aware regularization to address imbalance. Experiments across multiple cross-domain settings demonstrate that GADT3 significantly outperforms existing approaches, achieving average improvements of over 8.2\% in AUROC and AUPRC compared to the best competing model.