Formation of Asymmetrical Two-Brane Structure and its Possible Manifestation

TL;DR

This paper explores a two-brane extra-dimensional model where Standard Model fields are localized on asymmetrical branes, leading to brane-dependent Higgs vacuum expectation values and fermion masses, with implications for dark matter and ultra-high-energy particles.

Contribution

It introduces a model where asymmetrical branes cause different fermion masses and suggests superheavy leptons as dark matter candidates and sources of ultra-high-energy particles.

Findings

Fermion masses differ on the two branes due to brane-dependent Higgs vacuum.

Superheavy charged leptons could be a component of dark matter.

Inter-brane photon interactions enable ultra-high-energy particle sources.

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the class of extra-dimensional models with two branes and show that each field of the Standard Model must be localized on both neighboring branes, whose asymmetry is of great importance. The discussion is conducted in the framework of a previously developed model. Here we show that the Higgs vacuum average is brane-dependent. As the result, fermion masses on the two branes are also different. The second brane (brane-2) lacks observers, eliminating the need for fine-tuning; consequently the particle masses remains of the order of the initial energy scale of the universe formation. Such superheavy charged leptons may serve as a small component of dark matter. Additionally, we show that inter-brane interactions mediated by photons enable massive fermions in brane-2 to act as sources of ultra-high-energy particles. The gauge fields are uniformly distributed in the bulk, ensuring charge universality.